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Confidential chains

Some chains integrate TEEs at the execution layer, running smart contracts in secure enclaves so that inputs, state, and outputs remain encrypted on‑chain. Leading examples include, in alphabetical order:

  • Oasis: Confidential EVM smart contracts execute in SGX enclaves.
  • Phala Network: WebAssembly dApps execute in SGX enclaves, protecting code and data while preserving decentralized validation.
  • Secret Network: Every validator processes “Secret Contracts” inside SGX, with all inputs/outputs encrypted end‑to‑end.

By executing smart contracts inside TEEs, confidential chains offer built-in privacy guarantees without the need of designing complex zero-knowledge proof systems.